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A Mouse Distraction Osteogenesis Model

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Does the Rigid External Distraction Device Allow for Long-Term Control of Maxillary Pitch in Cleft Maxillary

Alexander T Mathews¹, Brian E Kinard^1,2

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL, USA.

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal : Official Publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association

|March 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The rigid external distraction (RED) device reliably lengthens the maxilla long-term in cleft patients. However, it does not predictably control the maxillary occlusal plane pitch.

Keywords:

cleft cleft lip and palate distraction osteogenesis maxillary hypoplasia

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Area of Science:

Craniofacial surgery
Orthodontics
Pediatric dentistry

Background:

The rigid external distraction (RED) device is used for maxillary hypoplasia correction.
Previous short-term studies suggested RED cannot intentionally alter maxillary pitch post-consolidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the long-term efficacy of the RED device in controlling maxillary pitch.
To evaluate the long-term horizontal lengthening of the maxilla using RED in cleft patients.

Main Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of 40 patients with cleft maxillary hypoplasia.
Standardized lateral cephalograms analyzed for cephalometric changes and palatal plane angle alterations.
Paired t-test used to compare predistraction and long-term follow-up variables.

Main Results:

Mean maxillary advancement was 28.0% relative to maxillary length.
A persistent counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla was observed, contrary to the device's design.
No predictable control of the maxillary occlusal plane was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

The RED device provides reliable long-term horizontal maxillary lengthening in cleft patients.
The RED device does not predictably control maxillary pitch in the long term.
Findings highlight limitations in RED device's ability to alter maxillary occlusal plane rotation.