Importin α characterizes a micronuclear environment associated with genomic instability in human cancer cells

Micronuclei (MN) are membrane-enclosed chromatin bodies and hallmarks of genome instability. Here, we show that importin α, a key nuclear transport factor, accumulates prominently in a distinct subset of MN in cultured human cancer cells. The selective localization is associated with defective Ran-dependent nucleocytoplasmic recycling of importin α within MN, consistent with impaired nuclear export. This was supported by live-cell photobleaching analyses, which revealed markedly reduced mobility of importin α between MN and the cytoplasm. Notably, importin α was enriched in euchromatin regions within MN and colocalized with chromatin-associated molecules, defining a chromatin-linked micronuclear context. In contrast, DNA repair and DNA-sensing molecules, such as RAD51, RPA2 and cGAS, showed mutually exclusive localization with importin α in MN, indicating that MN comprise functionally distinct internal states. Consistent with the functional heterogeneity, single MN genome-wide analyses further linked distinct MN states to different patterns of genome instability in cancer cells. Together, these findings identify importin α as a molecular marker of a transport-restricted, chromatin-associated MN subset. This framework offers new insights into MN heterogeneity and genome instability during cancer progression.