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Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunogold Electron Microscopy

Immunoelectron microscopy utilizes immunogold labeling of endogenous proteins with specific antibodies to detect and localize these proteins in cells and tissues. The procedure provides insights into the distribution and quantification of protein under different stimulation conditions offering clues about their functions. Conjugating highly electron-dense gold particles with primary or secondary antibodies allow antigen detection on and within cells, with high resolution and specificity.

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen. Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

Published on: October 23, 2009

Electronic Detection of Functional Cellular Immunity Using Enzymatic Metallization.

Yuvraj Rallapalli¹, Josiah Rudge¹, Madeline Hoyle¹

¹Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.

|March 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic Phenotyping using Impedance Cytometry (EPIC) offers a low-cost, scalable alternative for immune cell profiling. This novel electronic method detects cell surface markers and cytokine secretion without fluorescent labeling, aiding diagnostics in resource-limited settings.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Immunology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Accurate single-cell immune function detection is crucial for diagnostics and research.
Conventional methods like flow cytometry are limited by complex instrumentation and fluorescent labeling, hindering use in resource-poor settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel electronic method for immune cell profiling.
To overcome the limitations of fluorescence-based assays in resource-limited environments.

Main Methods:

Developed Electronic Phenotyping using Impedance Cytometry (EPIC) platform.
Combined antibody-directed enzymatic metallization with multifrequency impedance analysis.
Utilized a microscale 3D-printed plastic aperture for electronic detection.

Main Results:

EPIC generated distinct impedance signatures for Jurkat cells and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using CD45-targeted metallization.
Impedance changes correlated with cell surface metallization.
Detected IFN-γ secretion with impedance readouts matching flow cytometry results.

Conclusions:

EPIC enables sensitive electronic immune profiling.
EPIC shows potential as a scalable, low-cost alternative to fluorescence-based assays.
Supports potential for point-of-care cellular immunity diagnostics.