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A novel green chemistry composite electrode was developed from macaw palm oil and graphite. This sustainable material effectively detects sildenafil citrate in synthetic urine with high sensitivity and accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Sustainable development and green chemistry principles are crucial for developing environmentally friendly materials.
  • Renewable resources offer a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based feedstocks in material synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel composite material from renewable resources for electrochemical applications.
  • To evaluate the composite's performance as a pH-sensitive electrode for detecting anionic and cationic species.
  • To assess the analytical performance of the electrode for sildenafil citrate determination in various matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a poly(hydroxyurethane) matrix from epoxidized macaw palm oil and CO2.
  • Fabrication of a composite material by combining the polymer with graphite.
  • Characterization of the composite's physical properties, including graphite dispersion and hydrophobicity.
  • Electrochemical evaluation of the composite electrode's sensitivity to pH and its performance in detecting specific ionic species.
  • Determination of sildenafil citrate in phosphate buffer solutions and synthetic urine using the developed electrode.

Main Results:

  • A uniform graphite dispersion within the poly(hydroxyurethane) matrix was achieved, resulting in a moderately hydrophobic composite.
  • The composite electrode exhibited sensitivity to pH variations and could detect both anionic (ferrocyanide) and cationic (hexammine ruthenium(III) chloride) species.
  • The electrode demonstrated sensitive detection of sildenafil citrate with a low limit of detection (1.17 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹) and limit of quantification (3.90 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹).
  • Accurate determination of sildenafil citrate in synthetic urine was achieved, with a recovery rate of 100 ± 1%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed composite material, synthesized using green chemistry principles from renewable macaw palm oil, shows significant promise as a sustainable electrode material.
  • The electrode's pH sensitivity and ability to detect various species, including sildenafil citrate, highlight its potential for analytical applications.
  • This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly electrochemical sensors for pharmaceutical analysis and environmental monitoring.