Systemic Immune Dysregulation in Allergic Rhinitis: Mechanisms, Comorbidities, and Implications for Targeted Therapy

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Allergy Research
• Systemic Inflammation

Background:

• Allergic rhinitis (AR) was traditionally viewed as a localized nasal condition.
• Emerging evidence reveals AR involves systemic immune dysregulation, affecting T cells, cytokines, and inflammation.
• This systemic component explains comorbidities like asthma and atopic dermatitis, suggesting a unified allergic disease spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current understanding of allergic rhinitis immunopathogenesis from local and systemic viewpoints.
• To explore epithelial barrier dysfunction, T2 immune responses, and immune cell trafficking in AR.
• To discuss systemic inflammatory biomarkers and advancements in AR therapies.

Main Methods:

• Review of current scientific literature on allergic rhinitis.
• Analysis of local and systemic immune mechanisms in AR.
• Examination of biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for AR.

Main Results:

• AR involves local nasal inflammation and systemic immune dysregulation.
• Systemic factors contribute to AR comorbidities and disease spectrum.
• Biomarkers and new therapies show promise for precision medicine.

Conclusions:

• Allergic rhinitis is a systemic allergic disease, not just a localized nasal disorder.
• Recognizing systemic involvement aids in disease classification and management.
• Precision therapeutic strategies are emerging for AR and its related conditions.