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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
Published on: February 5, 2020
Comparative analysis of fixed and individualised speed zones for quantifying external match load in female wheelchair
Pippa Bailey1, Richard C Blagrove1, Thomas Rietveld1
1Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
Introduction:
This study compared fixed and individualized speed zone methods for quantifying external match load (EML) across classification and playing levels in women's wheelchair basketball (WB) and examined their relationship with internal match load (IML) measures.
Methods:
EML of 31 well trained female players (age: 28 ± 7 years, experience: 11 ± 5 years, weekly training: 12 ± 4 h) were quantified across 13 international (INT) and 5 Women's Premier League (WPL) games using two inertial measurement units. A linear mixed model compared the percentage time in fixed and individualized speed zones and correlations with IML (eTRIMP, sRPE) using Pearson and Spearman Rho.
Results:
Individualized zones recorded more time (10%) in low speed (Z3) and less time (0.3-5.9%) in moderate to very high-speed zones (Z4-Z6) versus fixed (p < 0.0001). Differences and effect sizes were greater in INT games (+0.8-1.1 pp) and highest classifications (+9.5 pp). Both methods correlated poorly with IML, except weak Z3 correlations at the INT level (p ≤ 0.020).
Conclusions:
Speed zone method influences high-intensity movement assessments, varying by playing level and classification. Neither method optimally related to IML, highlighting the need for calibrated, consistent thresholds.
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