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Plasma haem oxygenase-1 and interleukin-6 as adjunct host biomarkers associated with malaria.

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Heme oxygenase-1 and malaria pathogenesis.

Theophilus Wakai1,2, Shalom Chinedu2,3, Israel Afolabi2

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|March 16, 2026
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Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a dual role in malaria, offering protection in mouse models but potentially worsening inflammation in humans. This review explores HO-1

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Parasitology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Malaria is a severe parasitic disease causing significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • Disease severity is linked to hemolysis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
  • Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme crucial in heme degradation and host response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of HO-1 in malaria pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the dual protective and pathological functions of HO-1.
  • To discuss HO-1's potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and clinical studies on HO-1 in malaria.
  • Analysis of HO-1 induction and its effects on inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • Examination of HO-1's role in murine models and human malaria cases.

Main Results:

  • HO-1 is significantly induced during malaria, influencing inflammation, oxidative damage, and tissue injury.
  • In murine models, HO-1 induction protects against severe malaria complications like cerebral malaria.
  • Elevated HO-1 in human immune cells correlates with increased inflammation and disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • HO-1 exhibits context-dependent effects in malaria, acting both protectively and pathologically.
  • HO-1's dual role highlights its complexity in malaria pathogenesis.
  • HO-1 shows promise as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target.