Response of plant roots to mechanical environmental stimuli

The mechanisms underlying plant root response to mechanical environmental stimuli are crucial for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. In this review, we examine the mechanical environments encountered by plant roots, including the different types of mechanical stimuli they experience. We describe in detail the mechanisms that enable roots to perceive these stimuli and their modes of action. Unfavorable mechanical stimuli can cause roots to alter their growth patterns and rates. Morphologically, roots become thicker, enhancing their stress resistance. Mechanical stimuli influence the activity of hormones, including auxin and ethylene, which jointly regulate root growth. Auxin promotes cell elongation in roots, whereas ethylene can inhibit root growth under certain conditions. Plants modulate antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance accumulation to cope with environmental stress. We explored the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying plant root adaptation to mechanical stimuli, including those involved in regulating genes and signal transduction pathways. Finally, we suggest future research directions, including an in-depth study of the multi-signal integration mechanism of roots and gene editing technology for improving plant adaptability. This review provides a basis for studying the interactions between plants and mechanical environments for plant adaptation and agricultural production.