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Granulomatous mastitis: from localized inflammation to systemic immune-mediated disorder
Yingying Dong1, Qi Wang2, Mengning Zhang1
1The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Frontiers in Medicine
|March 16, 2026
Summary
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is an immune-mediated inflammatory breast disease. Hyperprolactinemia drives inflammation, necessitating novel immunomodulatory treatments beyond glucocorticoids for better patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Oncology
- Pathology
Background:
- Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a chronic inflammatory breast condition with unknown causes and high recurrence rates.
- Current treatments, primarily glucocorticoids, offer limited efficacy, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To reconceptualize Granulomatous mastitis as an immune-mediated disorder.
- To elucidate the immune pathways involved in GM pathogenesis.
- To explore novel immunomodulatory treatment strategies for GM.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on Granulomatous mastitis.
- Analysis of the immunopathology of GM, focusing on innate and adaptive immune system interactions.
- Assessment of existing and emerging therapeutic options, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Main Results:
- GM pathogenesis involves aberrant immune cell crosstalk, driven by hyperprolactinemia.
- Key inflammatory processes include M1 macrophage polarization, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release, and NK cell activation.
- Disruption of T and B cell homeostasis is a significant feature of the disease.
Conclusions:
- Granulomatous mastitis is fundamentally an immune-mediated condition.
- Targeting specific immune pathways offers a promising avenue for developing effective treatments.
- Further research into immunomodulatory therapies, potentially including TCM, is warranted for improved clinical management.
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