The influence of immune factors on bone metabolism in autoimmune thyroid diseases

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) primarily includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which share common features such as the presence of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocyte infiltration. Studies have shown that immune cells and their secreted cytokines in AITD not only participate in thyroid autoimmune responses but also regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity in bone metabolism, affecting bone resorption and formation. Additionally, thyroid autoantibodies may directly affect bone metabolism through mechanisms like oxidative stress. This review emphasizes the dual role of immune factors in AITD in bone metabolism, providing new perspectives for understanding the relationship between these two diseases.