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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Neoadjuvant systemic immunotherapy for skin cancers.

Clio Dessinioti1, Alexander Stratigos1

  • 1Skin Cancer and Melanoma Unit, 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Cancer
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy shows promise for skin cancers like melanoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) by improving outcomes before surgery. Further research is needed, especially for CSCC, to establish optimal treatments and identify patient biomarkers.

Keywords:
anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD‐1)cutaneous squamous cell carcinomaimmunotherapymelanomaneoadjuvant

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Neoadjuvant treatment precedes surgery to improve prognosis and reduce tumor size.
  • It offers potential for downstaging tumors and de-escalating adjuvant therapies post-surgery.
  • This review focuses on neoadjuvant immunotherapy for cutaneous melanoma and invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review principles of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma and CSCC.
  • To explore lessons from melanoma trials and evidence for CSCC.
  • To present outcomes, limitations, and practical considerations for neoadjuvant immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of prospective neoadjuvant systemic immunotherapy clinical trials in melanoma.
  • Detailed examination of evidence from research studies for resectable CSCC.
  • Illustration of key studies and outcomes through schematic figures.

Main Results:

  • Melanoma neoadjuvant immunotherapy is a rapidly growing field with established clinical trials.
  • Evidence for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in CSCC is limited, highlighting a need for more research.
  • Key considerations include immune-related adverse events and the need for predictive biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Neoadjuvant immunotherapy offers a promising approach for resectable skin cancers.
  • Further clinical trials are crucial for CSCC to establish evidence-based treatment standards.
  • Response-adapted de-escalation protocols and biomarker identification are key future directions.