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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
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The Bronchial Tree01:23

The Bronchial Tree

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The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. At a point called the carina, it bifurcates into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left primary...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

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The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer
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Mucins and Respiratory Virus Infection.

Shrestha Mathur, Maria Corkran, Margaret A Scull1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA;

Annual Review of Virology
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The airway mucus barrier, rich in mucin glycoproteins, defends against respiratory viruses. Understanding mucin-host-virus interactions can lead to new antiviral therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Virology
  • Mucinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The airway mucus barrier is the initial host defense against respiratory viruses.
  • Mucin glycoproteins in mucus trap viruses and influence pathogenesis, inflammation, and transmission.
  • Altered mucin expression in lung disease or infection impacts disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in understanding mucin-mediated defenses against respiratory viruses.
  • To explore virus-mucin interactions and factors influencing mucus penetration.
  • To highlight the development of mucin-inspired antiviral therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of research on airway mucus, mucin glycoproteins, and respiratory viruses.
  • Analysis of studies on viral pathogenesis, inflammation, and transmission related to mucins.

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  • Examination of research on mucin-inspired antiviral strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Mucin glycoproteins are crucial in trapping viruses and modulating host responses.
    • Viral physical properties and glycoproteins significantly affect mucus penetration.
    • Changes in mucin expression influence respiratory virus infection severity.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant progress has been made in understanding mucin-virus interactions and defenses.
    • Mucin-inspired therapeutics show promise for combating respiratory viral infections.
    • Further research is needed due to viral diversity and mucin complexity.