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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer Disease V: Surgical Management and Nursing Care01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease V: Surgical Management and Nursing Care

Surgical management and nursing care are crucial in treating Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). Here is an organized and enhanced overview of the surgical interventions and the associated nursing care for PUD:
Surgical Interventions for Peptic Ulcer Disease
Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis
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State-of-the-Art Review: Managing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Riina Rautemaa-Richardson1,2, Jack D Sobel3, Neil Stone4,5

  • 1Mycology Reference Centre Manchester and Department of Infectious Diseases, ECMM Centre of Excellence, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Vulvovaginal candidiasis, a common fungal infection, affects millions of women. Understanding its causes, risk factors, and microbiome interactions is key to managing symptoms and preventing recurrent infections.

Keywords:
Candidaantifungal and emerging therapiesrecurrencesvaginal microbiomevulvovaginal candidiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent infection affecting millions of women globally.
  • Recurrent VVC significantly impacts quality of life, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its pathophysiology.
  • Increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida species complicates management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, risk factors, microbiome interactions, and clinical manifestations of VVC.
  • To highlight challenges in diagnosing and managing VVC, particularly the recurrent form.
  • To explore emerging strategies and future directions for VVC treatment and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment of VVC.
  • Analysis of the role of the vaginal microbiome in VVC development and recurrence.
  • Examination of diagnostic challenges and current/emerging therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Candida albicans is the primary pathogen, but non-albicans species are increasingly implicated.
  • Hormonal changes, diabetes, antibiotic use, immune dysfunction, and genetics are significant risk factors.
  • Vaginal microbiome dysbiosis is crucial in Candida overgrowth and recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis is often complicated by overlapping symptoms with other conditions.
  • Standard antifungal treatments face challenges with frequent recurrence and emerging resistance.
  • Future VVC management should integrate host and environmental factor modulation for improved outcomes.