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Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
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Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results...
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Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
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Concepts of Health and Illness01:29

Concepts of Health and Illness

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Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
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Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
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Role of Communication in the Nursing Process II: Planning and Implementation01:25

Role of Communication in the Nursing Process II: Planning and Implementation

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Several factors are considered while creating a patient's care plan. Motivation is a factor in improving communication, and patients often require encouragement to try different approaches involving significant change. It is essential to involve the patient and family in decisions about the plan of care to determine whether the suggested methods are acceptable. Consider meeting critical comfort and safety needs before introducing new communication methods and techniques. Allow adequate time...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care
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Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care

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Aligning goals, not perceptions: making space for illness perception in paediatric decision-making.

Brennan Jade Hodgson Kim1,2,3, Elliott Mark Weiss4,2,3, Gina Campella3,5

  • 1Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA brennan.kim@seattlechildrens.org.

Journal of Medical Ethics
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Illness perception (IP), how families interpret illness, differs from medical understanding. Addressing these differences in pediatric intensive care can improve communication and decision-making.

Keywords:
Decision MakingEthics- MedicalFamilyParental ConsentPediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Sociology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • Illness perception (IP) influences parental stress, decision-making, and engagement in pediatric and neonatal intensive care.
  • Discrepancies between clinician and parent IP can lead to communication breakdown, moral distress, and decision-making delays.
  • IP is often misconstrued as a lack of understanding, conflating subjective interpretation with factual comprehension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate illness perception from medical understanding in intensive care settings.
  • To propose a decision-making framework that explicitly incorporates illness perception.
  • To enhance clinician support for families and promote value-concordant medical decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis differentiating subjective illness interpretation from objective medical knowledge.
  • Exploration of the impact of differing illness perceptions on communication and decision-making processes.
  • Proposal of a novel approach to shared decision-making in pediatric intensive care.

Main Results:

  • Illness perception is a distinct construct, shaped by individual values and experiences, not merely a lack of information.
  • Misaligned illness perception can be misinterpreted by clinicians as a failure of understanding, hindering effective communication.
  • Recognizing and addressing differences in illness perception is crucial for ethical and effective clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians should recognize illness perception as a unique factor in family responses to medical information.
  • Integrating illness perception into decision-making models can foster better communication and support value-concordant choices.
  • Directly engaging with differing illness perceptions can improve ethically complex care in intensive settings.