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Related Concept Videos

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
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Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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Condensin accelerates long-range intra-chromosomal interactions.

Fan Zou1,2, Yi Li2,3, Timothy Földes4

  • 1Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Nature Communications
|March 17, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI) reveals how chromosomes move in live yeast. Condensin, not cohesin, drives rapid internal chromosome interactions, impacting 3D genome organization.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • 3D genome organization regulates interactions between chromosomal loci.
  • Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) methods offer static views of chromatin architecture.
  • Kinetics of chromosomal encounters in live cells are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure chromosomal encounter times in live budding yeast using Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI).
  • To investigate the role of protein complexes in intra- and inter-chromosomal interactions.
  • To elucidate the dynamics of 3D genome organization during interphase.

Main Methods:

  • Chemically Induced Chromosomal Interaction (CICI) for measuring locus pair encounter times in G1-arrested yeast.
  • Targeted depletion experiments to assess the roles of condensin and cohesin.
  • Hi-C analysis to study chromatin interactions.
  • Polymer simulations to model chromatin extrusion by condensin.

Main Results:

  • Chromosome motion follows the Rouse polymer model with consistent diffusion parameters.
  • Long-range intra-chromosomal encounters are significantly faster than inter-chromosomal encounters.
  • Condensin, not cohesin, is primarily responsible for rapid intra-chromosomal interactions.
  • Condensin promotes long-distance intra-chromosomal interactions in G1 yeast.

Conclusions:

  • Condensin plays a novel role in shaping interphase genome organization.
  • Condensin extrudes chromatin at ~2 kb/s with specific density and processivity.
  • Findings provide new insights into chromosomal search dynamics in vivo.