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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation
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Comparative Effectiveness of Timolol-Based Fixed-Combination Regimens for Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study

Chin Lai1, Avery Shuei-He Yang2,3, Shih-Chieh Shao3,4

  • 1Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Ophthalmology and Therapy
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prostaglandin analog/timolol fixed combinations show better long-term effectiveness for glaucoma than carbonic anhydrase inhibitor/timolol or alpha-agonist/timolol. This reduces treatment failure and the need for further interventions.

Keywords:
Glaucoma fixed combination therapyPopulation-based cohort studyTarget trial emulation

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, often requiring combination therapy for intraocular pressure control.
  • Limited real-world data exists comparing long-term effectiveness of different fixed-combination therapies involving timolol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the long-term effectiveness of prostaglandin analog (PGA)/timolol, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI)/timolol, and alpha-agonist (AA)/timolol fixed-combination regimens in glaucoma patients.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study emulating a pragmatic trial using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (2011-2021).
  • Propensity score overlap weighting and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare treatment failure rates.
  • Treatment failure was defined as initiating additional medications, surgery, laser treatment, or blindness.

Main Results:

  • Prostaglandin analog (PGA)/timolol was associated with significantly lower treatment failure rates compared to CAI/timolol (HR: 0.85) and AA/timolol (HR: 0.87).
  • PGA/timolol also reduced the need for additional medications and intraocular pressure-lowering procedures.
  • No significant difference in treatment failure was observed between CAI/timolol and AA/timolol (HR: 0.97).

Conclusions:

  • PGA/timolol fixed combinations demonstrate superior long-term effectiveness in a real-world setting compared to CAI/timolol and AA/timolol.
  • These findings suggest PGA/timolol offers the most favorable outcomes among timolol-based fixed combinations for glaucoma management.