Unravelling Epigenetic Modulation via MicroRNA Delivery: A Therapeutic Frontier for Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of dementia that primarily affects the elderly population. Several signalling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt, are significantly affected, disrupting normal physiological processes such as neurogenesis, neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, and BBB disruption, all of which contribute to the progression of AD-like conditions. The current study seeks to investigate and evaluate the involvement of the PI3K-Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in AD, as well as epigenetic regulators that may alter these pathways and be employed as a treatment to improve AD-like conditions. A class of epigenetic regulators known as miRNAs, or short non-coding RNAs, greatly affects gene expression by preventing translation or encouraging target gene destruction. This review will focus on how miRNAs affect Aβ peptide accumulation, hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. In addition, miRNA delivery through exosomes, a lipid nanoparticle, has also been explored in later sections. Our knowledge will assist in creating new miRNA-based therapeutics involving mimics/inhibitors and advance our understanding of how miRNAs control gene expression.