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Related Concept Videos

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According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
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Exploring violence towards EMS personnel: a multiprofessional qualitative study.

Heikki Riihimäki1, Laura-Maria Peltonen2, Mari Lahti3

  • 1Turku University of Applied Sciences and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. heikki.riihimaki@varha.fi.

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|March 17, 2026
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Summary

Violence against emergency medical service (EMS) personnel is a complex issue influenced by aggressors, EMS staff, and organizational factors. Effective prevention requires enhanced training, system safeguards, and post-incident support.

Keywords:
Emergency medical servicesOccupational healthOccupational safetyPatient aggressionPrehospital emergency careViolence

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Occupational Safety
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Violence against emergency medical service (EMS) personnel is prevalent and underreported, encompassing verbal, physical, and sexual abuse.
  • Consequences range from psychological distress to physical harm and significant organizational burden.
  • The dynamic, situational, and interactional aspects of this violence, along with effective prevention strategies, require further understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine factors contributing to violence against EMS personnel.
  • To analyze the dynamics of violent incidents involving EMS personnel.
  • To identify areas for improved prevention and support strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative study utilizing two multiprofessional stakeholder workshops (n=36) in Finland.
  • Participants included EMS professionals, related field experts, and patient representatives.
  • Thematic analysis was employed to interpret data on incident dynamics and contributing factors.

Main Results:

  • Violence emerged through three interacting themes: aggressor, EMS personnel, and organization/system.
  • Aggressor factors (substance use, mental state) and EMS vulnerabilities (fatigue, inexperience) increased risk.
  • Organizational issues (unclear protocols, poor police cooperation, inadequate support) presented key challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Violence against EMS is a multifactorial, dynamic issue involving aggressor, personnel, and organizational elements.
  • Training in de-escalation and disengagement, strengthened safeguards, and post-incident support are crucial.
  • Development of predictive risk management models for EMS missions is warranted.