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Related Concept Videos

Esophagus01:24

Esophagus

4.4K
The esophagus, a muscular conduit linking the pharynx and stomach, measures roughly 10 inches (25.4 cm) and sits behind the trachea. It remains collapsed when not swallowing. The esophagus follows a predominantly straight path through the thoracic mediastinum and enters the abdominal cavity through a diaphragmatic opening known as the esophageal hiatus.
The movement of edibles from the pharynx into the esophagus is facilitated by the upper esophageal sphincter, which is formed primarily by the...
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
1.4K
Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction01:21

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

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Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
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Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

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Is the Esophagus Spared During Pulsed Field Ablation?

Antonio Di Monaco1, Antonio Fasano2, Angiolo Farina3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Ecclesiastical Entity Regional Generale Hospital "F. Miulli", Bari, Italy.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) may cause esophageal warming, challenging its tissue-selective mechanism. Continued vigilance is needed due to increasing procedures and new devices.

Keywords:
atrial fibrillationesophageal temperaturepulsed field ablationthermal effects

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is a novel energy source for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
  • PFA utilizes irreversible electroporation, theoretically offering tissue selectivity over traditional methods.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential thermal effects and collateral damage, particularly to the esophagus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the current evidence on esophageal warming during PFA procedures.
  • To assess the clinical relevance of thermal effects associated with PFA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of accumulating evidence on PFA procedures.
  • Analysis of reported esophageal thermal effects and complications.
  • Consideration of procedural trends and new catheter technologies.

Main Results:

  • While PFA is tissue-selective, thermal effects are possible and may be clinically relevant.
  • No significant esophageal complications have been reported to date.
  • Esophageal warming during PFA warrants continued monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • PFA's theoretical advantages regarding esophageal safety are being re-evaluated.
  • Increased vigilance is necessary due to rising PFA procedure numbers and evolving technology.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and mitigate risks of esophageal thermal effects during PFA.