Association Between Coffee Consumption and Academic Performance Among Second-Year Medical Students

Background and aim Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances, with coffee serving as a primary source among university students globally. Many medical students use coffee to counter fatigue, stay alert, and maintain focus during extended study sessions and examinations. Caffeine works mainly by blocking adenosine receptors, which promotes wakefulness and temporarily improves attention and responsiveness. However, excessive consumption can lead to anxiety, disrupted sleep, and reduced cognitive function, potentially affecting academic performance. Despite the popularity of coffee, its overall impact on academic outcomes among medical students remains uncertain. This study aimed to explore the relationship between coffee consumption and academic performance among second-year medical students following their prelims examination. Methods This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among second-year medical students to assess the association between coffee consumption and academic performance. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on coffee intake patterns, demographic variables, lifestyle factors, and self-reported academic indicators. Academic performance data were obtained from institutional records of preliminary examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate descriptive and inferential methods to evaluate associations between coffee consumption and academic outcomes. Results A total of 249 students were included in the analysis. Of these, 172 students (69.1%) reported regular coffee consumption, while 77 students (30.9%) were nonconsumers. The mean theory prelim examination score was higher among coffee consumers compared to nonconsumers. Students consuming one to two cups of coffee per day (96 students, 38.6%) demonstrated higher mean examination scores than both nonconsumers and those consuming three or more cups per day (76 students, 30.5%). Examination scores also differed significantly across categories of sleep duration and reported caffeine-related adverse effects. Conclusions Coffee consumption was associated with academic performance among second-year medical students. Moderate intake was linked to improved academic outcomes, while excessive consumption, particularly when accompanied by sleep disturbances, was associated with poorer performance. These findings highlight the importance of moderation, adequate sleep, and healthy study habits in optimizing academic performance.