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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Geometry-Programmable Heat Routing via Shear-Aligned BNNT/Epoxy Composites: From Passive Spreading to Directed

Jisu Park1,2, Seongbin Kim1,2, Taehoon Hwang1,2

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.

Small Methods
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)/epoxy thermal guide for precise heat routing. This material selectively directs heat, preventing hotspots on insulating substrates while maintaining electrical insulation.

Keywords:
anisotropic thermal conductivityboron nitride nanotubeelectrical insulationgeometry‐programmableshear‐induced alignmentthermal guide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Thermal Management

Background:

  • Localized hot spots on insulating substrates are a growing problem due to device miniaturization and increased power density.
  • Current heat spreading methods are non-selective, leading to inefficient thermal management and potential damage to sensitive components.
  • There is a need for advanced materials capable of controlled, directional heat transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel thermal guide for selective and geometry-programmable heat routing.
  • To investigate the thermal and electrical properties of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)/epoxy composites.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of dispenser printing for creating micro-scale thermal management solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a viscosity-tuned BNNT/epoxy ink.
  • Micro-nozzle extrusion processing to induce shear-induced alignment of BNNTs.
  • Characterization using small-angle X-ray scattering, flow simulations, infrared thermography, and electrical resistivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • Aligned BNNT/epoxy composites exhibited significant in-plane thermal anisotropy (ky/kx ≈ 2.53-2.96).
  • Infrared thermography confirmed alignment-guided heat transport, with oriented specimens showing higher temperatures along the BNNT alignment axis.
  • The material maintained dielectric integrity (volume resistivity ∼1013 Ω·m at 20 wt.% BNNT) and low dielectric loss.
  • Dispenser printing enabled the creation of ~200 µm wide guides with >20°C terminal temperature contrast.

Conclusions:

  • The BNNT/epoxy thermal guide enables electrically safe, selective heat routing from localized sources to target regions.
  • The developed method effectively suppresses parasitic lateral heat diffusion, protecting heat-sensitive areas.
  • This technology offers a promising solution for advanced thermal management in microelectronic devices and other applications.