Testable four-pillar hypotheses and research priorities for decoding Moso bamboo's extreme growth

How plants coordinate cell division and elongation with resource allocation and mechanical reinforcement remains a central problem in developmental biology, but these links are often difficult to resolve in slow-growing species. Moso bamboo, one of the world's fastest-growing plants, offers a unique opportunity to expose these relationships. Its extreme vertical growth raises a fundamental question: how does it achieve growth rates exceeding 1 m per day? This Viewpoint argues that such extreme growth does not arise from maximising any single process. Instead, we propose that it emerges from system-wide optimisation across four interconnected pillars. We frame these pillars as four testable hypotheses: an underground, prepatterned architectural blueprint that guides aboveground growth; specialised growth patterns that enable synchronised elongation; a multiscale regulatory engine that integrates hormones, transcriptional networks, noncoding RNAs, epigenetic mechanisms, and genomic innovations; and an integrated support scaffold that combines mechanical reinforcement with nutrient and water supply. Together, these four pillars enable a unique 'Faster, Higher, and Stronger' growth strategy. We outline research priorities and future directions. Using single-cell technologies, spatial omics, and comparative genomics, we aim to establish Moso bamboo as a tractable model for exploring plant growth potential and advancing sustainable biomass production.