Cervical cancer screening in the European context - from cytology to primary HPV testing

Cervical cancer remains a major global health challenge, despite the availability of effective preventive measures such as human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions, and timely management of early-stage disease. In recent years, several European countries have introduced substantial changes to their screening strategies -shifting from conventional cytology to primary HPV testing. This shift, supported by the World Health Organization and International Agency for Research on Cancer recommendations, is underpinned by numerous clinical studies demonstrating the superior sensitivity of HPV testing for detecting high-grade cervical lesions. This article provides an up-to-date overview of cervical cancer screening across Europe, with a focus on screening methods, testing intervals, program organization, and the emerging role of self-sampling.