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How is Child Maltreatment Defined and Assessed in China: A Scoping Review
Liying Yang1,2, Yuming Liu2,3, Juzhe Xi1
1School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|March 17, 2026
Summary
Cultural variations in child maltreatment (CM) definitions impact research and policy. This review maps CM definitions, measurements, and laws in China, finding measurement tools may overlook cultural nuances.
Area of Science:
- Child Protection Studies
- Cross-Cultural Psychology
- Legal Studies
Background:
- Child maltreatment (CM) definitions and measurements vary significantly across cultures.
- This variation hinders cross-cultural research comparability, policy development, and intervention design.
- Understanding CM in China requires examining its specific definitions, measurements, and legal framework.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and map existing research on child maltreatment (CM) definitions, measurements, and related laws in China.
- To identify characteristics defining CM operationalization in the Chinese context.
- To highlight discrepancies between CM conceptualization and measurement in China.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review methodology was employed.
- Searched eight databases and legal documents for English and Chinese literature from 2000 to 2025.
- Included 34 full-text studies, six laws, and seven assessment scales related to CM in China.
Main Results:
- Five key characteristics define CM operational definitions in China: frequency, outcome, intention, blood relationship, and perpetrator.
- Most assessment scales focus narrowly on abusive behaviors, potentially leading to culturally biased interpretations.
- Identified discrepancies between the theoretical framework for CM operationalization and its practical measurement in China.
Conclusions:
- Existing CM measurement tools in China may not fully capture the cultural context, leading to potential biases.
- Interpretation of CM research findings from China requires careful consideration of the specific operational definitions used.
- Further research is needed to develop culturally sensitive and comprehensive CM assessment tools for China.
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