Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

50.1K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
50.1K
Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable01:31

Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable

2.2K
A coaxial cable consists of a central copper conductor used for transmitting signals, followed by an insulator shield, a metallic braided mesh that prevents signal interference, and a plastic layer that encases the entire assembly.
In the simplest form, a coaxial cable can be represented by two long hollow concentric cylinders in which the current flows in opposite directions. The magnetic field inside and outside the coaxial cable is determined by using Ampère's law. The magnetic field inside...
2.2K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

69.1K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
69.1K
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

1.5K
Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
1.5K
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

4.9K
Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
4.9K
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

11.9K
James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hepatitis C screening and detection program in a large population: Epidemiological transition and characterization of the disease.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2023
Same author

Quaternary adaptive optics.

Optics express·2019
Same author

Dosimetry of the left anterior descending coronary artery in left breast cancer patients treated with postoperative external radiotherapy.

Reports of practical oncology and radiotherapy : journal of Greatpoland Cancer Center in Poznan and Polish Society of Radiation Oncology·2018
Same author

Ion-exchanged binary phase plates for mode multiplexing in graded-index optical fibers.

Applied optics·2017
Same author

Interferometric space-mode multiplexing based on binary phase plates and refractive phase shifters.

Optics express·2017
Same author

Spatial mode multiplexing/demultiplexing by Gouy phase interferometry.

Optics letters·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

9.1K

Multichannel hybrid quantum cryptography for submarine optical communications.

Jesús Liñares, Xesús Prieto-Blanco, Alexandre Vázquez-Martínez

    Applied Optics
    |March 17, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a hybrid quantum cryptography method for secure submarine communication over long distances. It combines multiple quantum channels and adds security layers for enhanced data protection.

    More Related Videos

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    11.4K
    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    9.1K
    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    11.4K
    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Cryptography
    • Optical Communications
    • Information Security

    Background:

    • Current quantum key distribution (QKD) methods have distance limitations for submarine communications.
    • Secure long-distance optical communication is crucial for various applications, including defense and research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel multichannel hybrid quantum cryptography approach for extending the range of submarine quantum optical communications.
    • To enhance security by leveraging the difficulty of accessing multiple quantum channels simultaneously.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a high-dimensional discrete-modulation continuous variable QKD protocol for quantum channels up to the continental shelf.
    • Implementing a hybrid strategy that combines secret keys from multiple (M) quantum channels.
    • Adding passive and/or active security layers on non-quantum optical lines beyond the continental shelf.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed approach enables quantum communications over distances exceeding current QKD limitations.
    • The hybrid system offers enhanced security through the combination of multiple keys and additional security layers.
    • Demonstrates a feasible method for secure submarine optical communication.

    Conclusions:

    • The multichannel hybrid quantum cryptography system provides a viable solution for long-distance submarine quantum communications.
    • This approach significantly improves the security and range of existing QKD protocols.
    • Offers a pathway for future advancements in secure underwater optical networks.