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$Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter$

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Dynamic range extension of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor based on an image processing and sorting method.

Mengyu Han, Shuhai Jia, Bo Wen

|March 17, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel image processing pipeline to overcome Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor limitations. The method enhances dynamic range and accuracy for precise wavefront measurements, even with significant aberrations.

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Area of Science:

Optical Metrology
Wavefront Sensing
Image Processing

Background:

Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (SHWS) face dynamic range limitations and noise sensitivity.
Conventional centroid algorithms struggle with aberrated wavefronts and displaced spots.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a robust image processing pipeline for accurate wavefront measurement with SHWS.
To overcome hardware constraints and improve dynamic range without modifying the sensor.

Main Methods:

An image segmentation technique using Laplace operators, Gaussian filtering, and morphological processing creates robust binary masks.
An adaptive window with weighted center of gravity (COG) refines centroid positions to sub-pixel accuracy.
A row-column dual-sorting method ensures correct centroid-to-sub-aperture assignment for accurate wavefront reconstruction.

Main Results:

Numerical simulations show a 1.13-3.78x increase in dynamic range compared to conventional COG.
At 12 dB SNR, residual RMS error decreased from 2.32 to 0.07 µm, and PV decreased from 9.21 to 0.47 µm.
Experimental validation confirmed accurate wavefront recovery even with spots outside nominal sub-apertures.

Conclusions:

The developed image processing pipeline effectively removes constraints of SHWS, enabling accurate wavefront measurement.
The method demonstrates robustness to significant spot displacement and noise, improving measurement accuracy.
This approach is suitable for both static and moderately dynamic wavefront measurements.