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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Spinal Cord01:26

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Complex Type Split Cord Malformation: A Two-Center Study.

Pinar Aydin Ozturk1, Harun Emre Sen2, Abdurrahman Arpa3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey, aydinpinar12@gmail.com.

Pediatric Neurosurgery
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex spinal muscular atrophy (SCM) involves multiple spinal pathologies and often co-occurs with spina bifida aperta. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary evaluation are crucial for managing these complex cases and associated anomalies.

Keywords:
Complex split cord malformationMyelomeningoceleMyeloschisisNeurulationSpina bifida apertaSplit cord malformation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Complex spinal dysraphism presents with multiple pathologies in a single patient.
  • Complex spinal muscular atrophy (SCM) is a phenotype involving disruptions across developmental stages, characterized by co-occurring SCM and spina bifida aperta.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate complex SCM from classical SCM cases.
  • To analyze embryological aspects, perioperative management, and follow-up in complex SCM.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 44 patients with complex SCM who underwent surgery.
  • Evaluation of surgical timing, neurological status, SCM type, and co-occurring anomalies.

Main Results:

  • 81.8% of patients had neonatal surgery, often combined with spina bifida aperta repair.
  • High prevalence of neurological deficits (68.2% plegic/severely paretic) and associated anomalies like hydrocephalus (77.3%) and Chiari malformation (65.9%).
  • Type 1 SCM was most common (79.5%), with a higher incidence in the thoracic region when diagnosed younger.

Conclusions:

  • Complex SCM requires a multidisciplinary approach, considering associated spina bifida aperta anomalies.
  • Early diagnosis influences SCM type and location, with a trend towards Type 1 and thoracic region involvement.
  • Complex SCM cases exhibit a higher frequency of additional anomalies compared to classical SCM.