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Gelatin Methacryloyl Granular Hydrogel Scaffolds: High-throughput Microgel Fabrication, Lyophilization, Chemical Assembly, and 3D Bioprinting
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Gradient Hydrogels: Fabrication Strategies and Biomedical Applications.

Nikita G Yabbarov1,2, Ivan V Romashkin2, Vasilina A Zakharova2,3

  • 1Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia. yabbarovng@gmail.com.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gradient hydrogels mimic native tissue properties, offering advanced applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. This review covers fabrication, characterization, and challenges for these versatile biomaterials.

Keywords:
3D/4D bioprintingbiomimetic matricesgradient hydrogelsmicrofluidic technologiesorgan-on-a-chip platformsregenerative medicinetissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Gradient hydrogels offer spatial heterogeneity mimicking native tissues.
  • They provide targeted cellular effects via mechanical, chemical, and biophysical gradients.
  • Diverse fabrication methods have emerged for gradient hydrogel creation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current fabrication and characterization techniques for gradient hydrogels.
  • To highlight emerging biomedical applications of gradient hydrogels.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Layer-by-layer formation
  • Photopolymerization
  • Microfluidic techniques
  • 3D/4D printing
  • Characterization methodologies

Main Results:

  • Gradient hydrogels show promise in controlled drug delivery.
  • Applications include tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • Emerging uses in organ-on-chip systems and soft bioelectronics are noted.

Conclusions:

  • Standardization, scalability, and regulatory aspects are key challenges.
  • Integration with additive manufacturing is crucial for advancement.
  • Gradient hydrogels hold significant potential for biomedical innovation.