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Early motor repertoire and motor development at 1, 2 and 5 years in infants born very preterm: A prospective cohort

Francyne Finlayson1, Joy E Olsen2, Amanda Kwong1

  • 1Department of Physiotherapy, 161 Barry Street, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia; Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.

Early Human Development
|March 17, 2026
PubMed

Insights

General Movements Optimality Score - Revised (GMOS-R) in preterm infants predicts 1-year motor outcomes. Higher GMOS-R scores correlate with better motor development, aiding early intervention for infants born before 30 weeks

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal neurology
  • Developmental pediatrics
  • Movement science

Background:

  • Preterm infants (<30 weeks' gestation) are at high risk for motor developmental delays.
  • Early motor repertoire assessment is crucial for identifying potential neurological issues.
  • The General Movements Optimality Score - Revised (GMOS-R) evaluates early motor patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between the GMOS-R and motor outcomes in preterm infants.
  • To assess motor development at 1, 2, and 5 years corrected age (CA).
  • To determine the predictive value of early motor repertoire for long-term motor function.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of infants born <30 weeks' gestation.
  • General Movement Assessments and GMOS-R were performed at 34 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) and term equivalent age.
  • Motor outcomes were assessed using standardized tools (AIMS, NSMDA, Bayley Scales, Movement Assessment Battery) at 1, 2, and 5 years CA.

Main Results:

  • Higher GMOS-R scores at 34 weeks' PMA and term equivalent age predicted better motor outcomes at 1-year CA (p < 0.05).
  • Significant associations were found with Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and Neurosensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) scores at 1 year.
  • Limited evidence of association between GMOS-R and motor outcomes was observed at 2 and 5 years CA.

Conclusions:

  • Early GMOS-R scores in preterm infants are valuable predictors of motor development at 1-year CA.
  • The GMOS-R may aid in the early identification of motor delay risk in this population.
  • The predictive relationship diminishes by 2 and 5 years CA, highlighting the importance of early assessment.
Abstract

Keywords:
Early motor repertoireGMOS-RGeneral movements optimalityMotor developmentPreterm

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