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Heterogeneity in healthy aging among U.S. Latinos: a dual functionality perspective.

Catherine García1, Blaklee R Kemp2, Courtney Boen3

  • 1Department of Human Development and Family Science, Aging Studies Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Healthy aging varies significantly among U.S. Latinos. Puerto Ricans, especially island-born, face persistent disadvantages in dual functionality, highlighting inequities in aging.

Keywords:
American Community SurveyFunctional healthPopulation health

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Healthy aging is complex and varies across diverse populations.
  • Dual functionality (absence of cognitive and physical limitations) is a key indicator of healthy aging.
  • Latino subgroups exhibit distinct patterns in aging due to heritage, nativity, and sex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine heterogeneity in healthy aging among U.S. Latinos using a dual functionality framework.
  • To quantify age-related changes and disparities in dual functionality by Latino subgroup (heritage, nativity, sex).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 16 years of nationally representative data (American Community Survey, 2008-2023) from 1,902,870 Latino adults.
  • Logistic regression models to estimate age-specific probabilities of dual functionality.
  • Stratified analyses by sex and subgroup deviations from pan-ethnic Latino averages.

Main Results:

  • Dual functionality declines with age, with significant subgroup differences.
  • South Americans showed the highest dual functionality, while island-born Puerto Ricans had the lowest.
  • Foreign-born Latinos generally had higher dual functionality, but this advantage shifted with age, especially for women.

Conclusions:

  • Deep inequities in functional aging emerge before old age.
  • Dual functionality serves as a culturally relevant metric for assessing aging equity.
  • Addressing disparities requires interventions prioritizing functional health and dignity across the life course.