A mouse-adapted Yezo virus model for antiviral testing in immunocompetent mice

Emerging tick-borne orthonairoviruses pose a growing public health threat, yet few animal models fully recapitulate human disease. Here, we report the development of a mouse-adapted Yezo virus (MA-YEZV) strain that causes lethal infection in immunocompetent mice, mirroring key clinical features of human infection, including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and severe liver injury. Serial passaging of YEZV in C57BL/6 J mice selected for 31 non-synonymous mutations, enhancing viral replication and pathogenicity. MA-YEZV exhibited broad tissue tropism, with the highest viral loads in the liver, and induced a robust inflammatory response marked by elevated proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6) and inflammasome activation. Ribavirin treatment effectively suppressed viral replication, prevented mortality, and mitigated tissue damage, whereas remdesivir showed no efficacy. This model provides a critical tool for studying YEZV pathogenesis and antiviral development, while the identified mutations offer insights into viral adaptation and virulence mechanisms. Our findings underscore the potential of MA-YEZV as a platform for evaluating countermeasures against emerging orthonairoviruses.