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Efficient nanosecond barium nitrate Raman laser for the visible spectral range.

Christoph Zesch, Daniel Finkelstein, Martin Regehly

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    |March 18, 2026
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    Summary

    We developed efficient solid-state Raman lasers using barium nitrate crystals, achieving high conversion efficiencies for first and second Stokes radiation. These lasers offer superior beam quality, suitable for differential absorption LiDAR applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Solid-state Raman lasers offer tunable wavelength generation.
    • Efficiently generating specific Stokes orders is crucial for various applications.
    • Barium nitrate is a promising material for Raman scattering.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and characterize solid-state Raman lasers.
    • To investigate the performance of barium nitrate crystals in Raman lasers.
    • To evaluate the potential of these lasers for differential absorption LiDAR.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm as the pump source.
    • Employed barium nitrate crystals (3 cm and 5 cm lengths) in semi-spherical resonators.
    • Measured output pulse energies, conversion efficiencies, and beam quality factors (M²).

    Main Results:

    • Achieved first Stokes (563 nm) and second Stokes (598 nm) radiation.
    • Obtained maximum pulse energies of 2.3 mJ.
    • Reached conversion efficiencies up to 35% (first Stokes) and 21% (second Stokes).
    • Demonstrated superior beam quality with M² values of 1.67 and 1.83.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed solid-state Raman lasers exhibit high efficiency and excellent beam quality.
    • The design is effective for generating first and second Stokes radiation.
    • The laser output is well-suited for subsequent frequency doubling for differential absorption LiDAR (DIAL) applications.