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Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
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Practical guidelines for exercise prescription in different clinical populations
Klara Komici1, Antonio Bianco2, Alessandra Cuomo3
1Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
|March 18, 2026
Summary
This review offers practical guidelines for prescribing exercise to outpatients with chronic conditions. Personalized exercise programs, considering individual health and adherence factors, are crucial for optimizing outcomes and safety.
Area of Science:
- Clinical Medicine
- Exercise Physiology
- Rehabilitation Science
Background:
- Exercise training is vital for managing chronic conditions but faces implementation challenges.
- Suboptimal clinical use stems from difficulties in individualization and safety across patient groups.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide practical guidelines for exercise prescription in outpatients with chronic diseases.
- To integrate recent international recommendations and scientific evidence into clinical practice.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of current scientific evidence and international recommendations.
- Focus on practical considerations for diverse chronic conditions (cardiovascular disease, heart failure, diabetes, cancer).
- Emphasis on pre-exercise evaluation for specific high-risk groups (hypertension-related organ damage, decompensated heart failure, frailty).
Main Results:
- Exercise prescription must be personalized, progressive, and adapted to individual health status.
- Key determinants of adherence include social, psychological, environmental factors, and technology.
- Successful implementation requires specialized clinical facilities and professionals.
Conclusions:
- Personalized exercise prescription is essential for optimizing health outcomes and minimizing risks in chronic conditions.
- Addressing adherence factors and ensuring proper implementation infrastructure are critical for effective exercise therapy.
- Bridging the gap between prescription and practice necessitates dedicated resources and expertise.
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