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Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Cognitive processes affect social behavior by guiding how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social stimuli. These mental processes enable individuals to assess others' behaviors, attribute causes to their actions, and form expectations based on past experiences.Causes of Behavior and Social JudgmentsIndividuals determine the causes of others' behaviors by distinguishing between personal traits and external circumstances. For example, if a friend frequently arrives late, an...
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Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Cognitive predictors of metacognitive accuracy.

Christopher S Waller1, Michael D Dodd1, Michael J Walsh1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metacognitive accuracy, the ability to assess one's own judgments, is enhanced by strong working memory and attention. These fundamental cognitive skills are key to effective self-monitoring and accurate metacognition.

Keywords:
Metacognitionattentioncognitionconfidence judgmentsself-awarenessworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Metacognitive accuracy involves real-time self-assessment of judgment correctness.
  • Prior research suggests links between metacognition and executive functions.
  • This study explores how basic cognitive domains influence metamemory monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive role of executive function, working memory, processing speed, and attention on metacognitive accuracy.
  • To determine if fundamental cognitive abilities facilitate metamemory monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • 105 participants completed a word list learning and recognition task with confidence judgments.
  • Metacognitive accuracy was measured using meta d'.
  • Cognitive abilities were assessed via standardized tests for executive function, working memory, processing speed, and attention.

Main Results:

  • Executive function, working memory, and attention predicted metacognitive accuracy (R² = .386, p = .006).
  • Specifically, Backward Digit Span (working memory) and Trails A (attention) positively predicted metacognitive accuracy.
  • Forward Digit Span showed an unexpected negative association.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory and visual attention capacity significantly predict metacognitive monitoring accuracy.
  • Basic cognitive processes appear to underpin metamemory monitoring in healthy adults.
  • Findings highlight the importance of foundational cognitive skills for higher-order metacognitive abilities.