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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
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2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

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Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other...
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Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
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Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy under High Hydrostatic Pressure.

Frederic Berner1, Michael Kovermann1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can now accurately measure solvent compressibility under high hydrostatic pressure. This is crucial for quantifying biomolecular changes in free energy and volume during pressure-dependent studies.

Keywords:
NMR spectroscopybulk modulushigh hydrostatic pressureprotein unfoldingsolvent compression

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Research
  • Biophysics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is vital for atomic-level molecular characterization.
  • Studying biomolecules under elevated hydrostatic pressure requires specialized experimental setups.
  • Understanding solvent behavior under pressure is key to accurate biomolecular analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and validate an experimental setup for high-resolution NMR data acquisition in solution at high hydrostatic pressures (up to thousands of bars).
  • To accurately determine solvent compressibility using multi-isotopic resonance signals from pressure-resistant molecules.
  • To enable precise quantification of pressure-induced changes in biomolecular free energy and volume.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Employed an experimental setup designed for data acquisition at elevated hydrostatic pressures (up to thousands of bars).
  • Combined resonance signals from six different isotopes in pressure-resistant molecules to determine solvent compressibility.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a method for reliably and accurately determining solvent compressibility at high hydrostatic pressures.
  • Quantified pressure-induced changes in biomolecular free energy and volume using the determined solvent compression data.
  • Showcased the necessity of considering solvent compression in quantitative NMR analyses under high pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent compression significantly impacts quantitative analyses of NMR data acquired at high hydrostatic pressures.
  • The developed experimental setup and methodology allow for accurate characterization of biomolecules under pressure.
  • Accurate solvent compressibility data is essential for precise free energy and volume change calculations in pressure-dependent biophysical studies.