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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Elemental-sensitive Detection of the Chemistry in Batteries through Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
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A Simple Approach for Operando Interface Probing for Batteries: Combining Scanning APXPS with Spectroscopic

Qianhui Liu1, Laura King1, Helena Wagner2

  • 1Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method for analyzing battery interfaces using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS). The technique accurately maps liquid electrolyte distribution and chemical composition at the solid-liquid interface, crucial for battery performance.

Keywords:
Li-ion batteriesambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopydata processingdip-and-pulloperandosolid/liquid interfacespectro-microscopic imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Probing solid/liquid battery interfaces in situ with APXPS is challenging due to variations in liquid layer properties.
  • Accurate interpretation of interfacial spectra requires monitoring the electrochemical and topographical nature of the liquid edge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a methodology combining experimental design and data processing for improved interface probing in batteries.
  • To enable accurate characterization of the solid/liquid interface using APXPS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized continuous motion during fixed-mode APXPS measurements to capture the transitional interface.
  • Developed two software-based approaches for retrieving interface spectra based on intensity attenuation and peak positions.
  • Employed scanning APXPS to extract topographical information and create 3D images of the liquid edge region.

Main Results:

  • Identified interface spectra at the edge of intensity transitions and correlated peak energies with chemical features.
  • Quantified liquid electrolyte thickness at the interface, revealing a step-jump transition.
  • Demonstrated that liquid distribution depends on electrode morphology and chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methodology enhances the understanding of liquid distribution at battery interfaces.
  • This approach provides valuable insights into the relationship between liquid distribution and probed interfacial features.
  • Validated the functionality of the APXPS setup for in situ interface analysis.