Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

3.0K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
3.0K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

7.3K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
7.3K
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

1.8K
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
1.8K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

67.3K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
67.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same journal

Invaders taking over-Mollusc faunal change in volcanic barrier lakes of the Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

AI-driven molecular diversification and ligand-based optimization of macitentan derivatives targeting VEGFR1 and endothelin signaling pathways.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Performance patterns and records in the world aquatics masters championships: Where do the most frequently represented nations among the top-ten masters swimmers come from?

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Modeling diurnal Temperature-Rainfall relationships under multicollinearity using PLS-SEM: A case study of Ghana.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Organizational culture, social capital, and emergency capacity in primary healthcare institutions: A cross-sectional structural equation modeling study comparing ordinary and older communities.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Impact of kidney function on the metabolome in the general population.

PloS one·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System
10:12

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System

Published on: December 16, 2021

3.3K

PID-controller enhanced artificial β-cells.

Lin Liu1, Bruna Jacobson1, Darko Stefanovic1,2

  • 1Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.

Plos One
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered artificial beta cells offer a novel diabetes treatment. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers enhance these cells, improving glucose regulation in diabetic mice by providing better control over insulin production.

More Related Videos

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters
08:41

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.9K
Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol
08:04

Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol

Published on: November 3, 2023

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System
10:12

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System

Published on: December 16, 2021

3.3K
Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters
08:41

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

4.9K
Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol
08:04

Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol

Published on: November 3, 2023

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Conventional diabetes management using insulin injections or pumps presents challenges in glucose level regulation.
  • Artificial beta cells offer a promising alternative for diabetes treatment by sensing glucose and producing insulin.
  • Existing artificial beta cell designs lack sufficient control for optimal glucose homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the limitations of current artificial beta cell systems.
  • To propose an enhanced artificial beta cell design using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of PID-controlled artificial beta cells in regulating blood glucose levels.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytical model for PID-controlled artificial beta cells.
  • Numerical simulations to assess the performance of the enhanced artificial beta cell system.
  • Comparison of PID-controlled artificial beta cells with conventional artificial beta cells in a simulated diabetic mouse model.

Main Results:

  • The PID-controlled artificial beta cell model demonstrates improved ability to regulate glucose levels.
  • PID control enables timely shutdown of insulin production, preventing hypoglycemia.
  • Enhanced artificial beta cells provide greater tuning space for personalized glucose management.

Conclusions:

  • PID-controlled artificial beta cells represent a significant advancement over existing designs.
  • This enhanced system offers superior glucose regulation capabilities for Type 1 diabetes.
  • The proposed model shows potential for more effective and personalized diabetes therapy.