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Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Frailty and Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: The SAVE Study.

Shoujiang You¹, Danni Zheng², Katie Harris²

¹Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle

|March 19, 2026

Summary

Frailty significantly increases the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, frailty does not affect adherence or the benefits of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment.

Keywords:

SAVE frailty obstructive sleep apnoea recurrent cardiovascular events risk prediction

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Gerontology
Sleep Medicine

Background:

Frailty is prevalent in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients.
The impact of frailty on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established CVD and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is unclear.
This study investigates the association between frailty and cardiovascular event risk in adults with moderate-to-severe OSA and established CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if frailty modifies the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established CVD and moderate-to-severe OSA.
To assess the association between frailty index (FI) and cardiovascular outcomes in this patient population.

Main Methods:

Post hoc analysis of the international Sleep Apnea Cardiovascular Endpoints (SAVE) trial.
Participants with moderate-to-severe OSA and established CVD were categorized into nonfrail, moderately frail, and severely frail groups based on the Rockwood frailty index (FI).
Cox proportional hazards models assessed associations between FI and cardiovascular outcomes over a 3.7-year follow-up.

Main Results:

Severely frail participants (FI ≥ 0.311) showed significantly increased risks of composite cardiovascular endpoints, stroke, unstable angina hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and CVD death compared to nonfrail individuals.
A similar adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment was observed across all frailty groups.
No heterogeneity was found in the effect of CPAP treatment on cardiovascular events based on frailty status.

Conclusions:

In adults with co-occurring OSA and CVD, a higher frailty index is associated with a significantly elevated risk of recurrent cardiovascular events.
Frailty status did not influence adherence to CPAP treatment or its effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular events.