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Related Concept Videos

The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Methods to Assess Microbial Populations01:30

Methods to Assess Microbial Populations

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Assessing microbial populations is crucial for understanding microbial roles in health, ecology, and industry. Various complementary techniques—both culture-based and molecular—enable detailed analysis of microbial abundance, diversity, and function.Viable Plate CountThe viable plate count is a traditional culture-based method used to estimate the number of living microbes in a sample. After serial dilution, the sample is spread onto nutrient agar plates. Each viable cell forms a...
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Methods to Assess Microbial Communities01:19

Methods to Assess Microbial Communities

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Microbial communities, comprising bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microorganisms, inhabit diverse ecosystems and play crucial roles in environmental and biological processes. Their diversity is defined by three main parameters: species richness (the number of distinct species), species abundance (the relative quantity of each species), and species evenness (how uniformly individual species are distributed in various locations). These factors together shape the structure and ecological balance...
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Absorbent Microbiopsy Sampling and RNA Extraction for Minimally Invasive, Simultaneous Blood and Skin Analysis
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Optimisation of cutaneous microbiota sampling methodology.

Dario Leonardo Balacco1, Ajoy Bardhan2,3, Hadeer Ibrahim1,4

  • 1Periodontal Research Group, Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Dental Hospital (Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust), Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Microbiomes
|March 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardizing skin sampling methods is crucial for accurate cutaneous microbiome research. This study found that while sampling conditions like swabs and storage did not significantly alter results, individual variability is a key factor in microbiome profiling.

Keywords:
16Smicrobiomeskin microbiomeskin samplingswab

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The skin microbiome is vital for skin health and homeostasis.
  • Alterations in the skin microbiome are linked to various diseases.
  • Standardized methods are needed for reliable skin microbiome studies due to complex variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of different sampling conditions on cutaneous microbiome characterization.
  • To identify critical factors affecting skin microbiome profiling and reproducibility.

Main Methods:

  • Antecubital fossa skin samples were collected from 16 individuals.
  • Various swabs, moistening solutions, swabbing durations, and storage temperatures were tested.
  • Microbial communities were identified using 16S sequencing.

Main Results:

  • eSwabs yielded higher microbial biomass compared to cotton swabs.
  • Moistening solution, swabbing duration, and storage temperature did not significantly affect DNA yield or microbiome profiling.
  • Inter-individual variability had a greater impact on data clustering than tested sampling conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Current sampling conditions investigated do not significantly hinder skin microbiome profiling.
  • Recognizing and accounting for inter-individual variability is essential for accurate skin microbiome studies.
  • Standardization of sampling is still important, but individual differences are a major consideration.