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Human Trafficking: Emergency Department Screening and Referral.

Christa Pulvino1, Robert S Braun1, Kelli L Jarrell1

  • 1University of Cincinnati Department of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
|March 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

University of Cincinnati Medical Center Emergency Department screened 557 patients for human trafficking risk, with 12.4% screening positive. Many patients accepted referrals for vital services, highlighting the need for ED-based screening programs.

Keywords:
human traffickingsocial determinants of healthsocial emergency medicineviolence

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Social Determinants of Health

Background:

  • Human trafficking is a significant public health issue.
  • Emergency Departments (EDs) are critical points for identifying at-risk individuals.
  • Screening protocols are essential for addressing human trafficking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To initiate human trafficking screening at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center Emergency Department (UCMC ED).
  • To estimate the number of patients at risk of human trafficking.
  • To determine the proportion of patients referred for and accepting services.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective study was conducted at UCMC ED from December 2022 to November 2023.
  • Patients were assessed using the Rapid Appraisal for Trafficking tool.
  • Screening positive was defined as answering affirmatively to at least one of four questions.

Main Results:

  • Out of 557 patients assessed, 69 (12.4%) screened positive for human trafficking risk.
  • Of those screening positive, 39 (56.5%) accepted referrals to specialized services.
  • A total of 60 (87%) patients accepted referrals for broader support services.

Conclusions:

  • Human trafficking affects ED patients, necessitating proactive identification.
  • A significant proportion of patients screened positive and accepted assistance.
  • EDs should implement screening and referral systems for human trafficking and social determinants of health.