Green synthesis and biomedical evaluation of graphene oxide nanoparticles using Monotheca buxifolia extract

Graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-NPs) were synthesized through a green, phytogenic route using aqueous leaf extract of Monotheca buxifolia as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of GO-NPs was confirmed by characterization showing peaks of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy at 230 nm, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) peak at 3309.3 cm⁻¹, zeta potential of -15.5 mV, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) crystallite size of 46.23 nm, Raman spectra G-band at 1589 cm⁻¹, thermal stability, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revelation of sheet-like morphology, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) size ranges of 43 nm. The acquired result displayed an antibacterial assay concentration-dependent inhibition against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacterial strains, with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showing the highest inhibition zone (2.16 ± 0.24 mm). Assessments of hemolytic and anti-arthritic assays exhibit minimal hemolytic activity (< 5%), indicating good blood compatibility and significant anti-arthritic potential of 69.57% inhibition in the protein denaturation assay, suggesting anti-arthritic potential. In vivo, phytochemical analysis of GO-NPs revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which enhanced antioxidant activities. Phytotoxicity test showed considerable improvements in seedlings growth confirming bio-stimulatory and low toxicity effects. The findings obtained from GO-NPs possess stable physicochemical properties, hemocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and preliminary therapeutic potential across biomedical and environmental applications.