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Family shapes microbiome differences in Oklahoma salamanders.

Madelyn R Kirsch1,2, Sierra N Smith1,2, Daniel J Becker2

  • 1Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.

Frontiers in Microbiomes
|March 19, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Salamander skin microbiomes are shaped by host ecology and environment, not just host family or phylogeny. While fungal parasite (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection slightly reduced microbial diversity, ranavirus did not impact it, offering insights for conservation efforts.

Keywords:
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisPlethodontidaeSalamandridaeconservationdiseaseecologyranavirus

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Area of Science:

  • Amphibian biology
  • Microbiome research
  • Conservation science

Background:

  • Skin microbiomes are crucial for host health and homeostasis in wild vertebrates.
  • Amphibian skin has vital functions, and pathogens significantly alter their associated microbiomes.
  • Understanding factors influencing amphibian skin microbiomes is critical for conservation, especially with emerging diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the combined effects of infection status, host phylogeny, host ecology, and host environment on salamander skin microbiomes.
  • To quantify the contributions of these factors to skin microbiome structure in the presence of infection.
  • To establish a baseline for monitoring salamander skin microbiome changes.

Main Methods:

  • 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze skin microbial communities.
  • The study focused on six salamander species from Oklahoma.
  • Factors analyzed included infection status (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, ranavirus), host family, host ecology, and climate.

Main Results:

  • Host family significantly influenced microbiome diversity, but a strong phylogenetic signal was absent.
  • Host ecology and environment were more influential than phylogeny in shaping microbiomes across species and genera.
  • Infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was associated with slightly reduced microbiome diversity, while ranavirus infection showed no such association.

Conclusions:

  • Salamander skin microbiome structure is influenced by a complex interplay of host ecology, environment, and infection status.
  • Host phylogeny plays a less dominant role than previously thought.
  • This study provides essential baseline data for future monitoring of amphibian health and disease impacts on skin microbiomes.