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Fluorescence Lifetime Macro Imager for Biomedical Applications
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Lifetime Standard for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy.

Hui-Hui Zeng1, James Stephens2, Ryan Smith3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Translational Vision Science & Technology
|March 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 3D-printed phantom eye standard was developed for fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopes (FLIOs). This reliable standard allows for instrument verification and standardization, aiding clinical translation.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmic imaging
  • Biomedical optics
  • Fluorescence spectroscopy

Background:

  • Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) is a developing technology for eye imaging.
  • Standardization of FLIO instruments is crucial for reliable clinical data and multicenter trials.
  • Existing methods for instrument calibration may be complex or lack flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple, reliable, and transferable fluorescence lifetime standard for FLIO instruments.
  • To create a phantom eye model that accurately simulates ocular optics for calibration.
  • To establish a method for routine instrument performance verification.

Main Methods:

  • 3D-printing a "fundus piece" designed to fit a commercial phantom eye.
  • Incorporating a chamber within the fundus piece to hold a standard fluorophore solution.
  • Testing the developed phantom eye standard with multiple FLIO devices, excitation lasers, and fluorophores.

Main Results:

  • A photopolymerizable resin was identified for the fundus piece, yielding a low fluorescence background.
  • The developed standard demonstrated consistent results across different FLIOs, within 5% of published average lifetimes.
  • The phantom eye standard proved effective with various excitation lasers and standard fluorophores.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed phantom eye offers a straightforward and flexible method for standardizing FLIO instruments.
  • This approach facilitates instrument verification, troubleshooting, and intercomparison of data.
  • The developed standard supports the clinical translation and multicenter application of FLIO technology.