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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
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Postpartum Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Referral Rates in a Multihospital System.

Norma Jimenez Ramirez¹, Katelyn M Tessier², Sophie O'Bryan³

¹Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health.

Urogynecology (Philadelphia, Pa.)

|March 19, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) is underutilized postpartum, with only 3.9% of individuals referred. Socioeconomic factors significantly impact access to this crucial postpartum care, highlighting disparities in PFPT referrals.

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Physical Therapy
Public Health

Background:

Up to 50% of postpartum individuals risk pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD).
Pelvic floor physical therapy (PFPT) is effective in reducing postpartum PFD.
Referral practices for postpartum PFPT are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate referral rates to PFPT in the postpartum period.
To identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with PFPT referrals.
To guide efforts for integrating PFPT into standard postpartum care.

Main Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of 37,329 individuals with term singleton births (2020-2024).
Exclusion of individuals with prior PFPT history.
Analysis of referral patterns based on demographics, obstetric variables, and PFD diagnosis.

Main Results:

Only 3.9% of individuals were referred to postpartum PFPT.
Referral rates varied significantly by birth type and PFD diagnosis (e.g., 13.1% for obstetric anal sphincter injuries).
Urban hospitals had higher referral rates; non-English speakers, Hispanic individuals, and those with public insurance had lower referral odds.

Conclusions:

Significant disparities in PFPT referral patterns suggest socioeconomic inequalities in access.
Postpartum PFPT is underutilized, indicating a need for improved integration into pregnancy and postpartum care.
Addressing these disparities is crucial for equitable PFD management.