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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Pain Interference in Young Adults With Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries.

Maya Benuzzi1, Amanda Langleben1, Lexi Davidson1

  • 1Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|March 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Young adults with brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBI) experience significant pain interference and upper limb limitations. This widespread pain impacts daily life, highlighting the need for ongoing management beyond childhood.

Keywords:
ActivityBrachial plexus birth injuryPain interferenceUpper limb functionYoung adults

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Orthopedics
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Brachial plexus birth injuries (BPBI) management typically focuses on pediatric care.
  • Long-term pain and functional outcomes in young adults with BPBI are not well understood.
  • Persistent pain beyond childhood suggests a need for continued clinical attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare pain interference in young adults with BPBI versus matched controls.
  • To assess pain intensity, upper limb function, and pain distribution in BPBI patients.
  • To investigate the long-term impact of BPBI into young adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study comparing 26 young adults with BPBI and 26 healthy controls.
  • Participants completed online questionnaires: Brief Pain Inventory and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand.
  • Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman correlations, and Fisher's exact tests.

Main Results:

  • BPBI participants reported significantly higher pain interference and upper limb activity limitation (P < .001).
  • Pain interference strongly correlated with activity limitation.
  • Widespread pain reported in BPBI patients, including elevated pain in the unaffected limb and trunk.

Conclusions:

  • Young adults with BPBI experience substantial, widespread pain impacting daily life.
  • Pain management strategies should extend into adulthood for BPBI patients.
  • Screening for pain, including potential overuse of the unaffected limb, is recommended.