The Dual Roles of TIMP-1 in Cancer: From Protease Inhibition to Cytokine Signaling

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) has emerged as a significant focus in cancer research due to its dual functionality as both an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases and a multifunctional cytokine. Recent studies underscore the pivotal role of TIMP-1 in extracellular matrix remodeling, a process essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, TIMP-1 performs a variety of functions within the tumor microenvironment that extend beyond its traditional protease-inhibitory role, highlighting its importance in modulating cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Additionally, TIMP-1 has garnered increasing attention as a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in oncology. This review systematically compiles recent advancements in the understanding of TIMP-1's dual functions in cancer, elucidates its mechanistic roles as both a metalloproteinase inhibitor and a cytokine-like factor, and integrates its emerging significance as a biomarker and therapeutic target across diverse cancer types. By synthesizing recent findings, this study seeks to provide novel insights into the translational potential of TIMP-1 in cancer treatment, while examining its prospective implications for therapeutic strategies and clinical interventions.