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Regional divergence in pediatric tuberculosis and implications for achieving End TB targets, 2013-2023

Aole Li1, Yuhang Wu1, Xinxin Zeng1

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases
|March 19, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Global pediatric tuberculosis (TB) control has stalled, with rising incidence in some regions and insufficient progress toward World Health Organization (WHO) End TB targets. Enhanced child-focused prevention and surveillance are crucial for renewed momentum.

Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) control lags behind adult populations, with unclear impacts from recent epidemiological shifts like the COVID-19 pandemic on World Health Organization (WHO) End TB milestones.
  • Understanding trends in pediatric TB is vital for global health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine global, regional, and national trends in pediatric TB incidence from 2013 to 2023.
  • To assess progress toward the 2025 End TB milestone, considering changes since 2019.
  • To summarize treatment outcomes and TB preventive treatment (TPT) coverage for child contacts in high-burden countries (HBCs).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized age-specific WHO data for 209 countries and territories (2013-2023).
  • Analyzed global, regional, and national pediatric TB incidence trends.
  • Evaluated progress towards the 2025 End TB milestone and TPT coverage for child contacts.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric TB incidence increased by 14% since 2015, reaching 62.74 per 100,000 in 2023.
  • Significant regional disparities observed: rising incidence in South-East Asia versus a decline in Africa.
  • Over half of HBCs are further from the 2025 milestone; TPT coverage for young children remains critically low.

Conclusions:

  • Global progress in pediatric TB control has plateaued, indicating a need for urgent intervention.
  • Strengthened child-focused prevention strategies and improved surveillance are essential to achieve End TB targets.
Abstract

Keywords:
ChildDisease surveillanceDisparitiesIncidencePreventionTuberculosis, Pulmonary

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