[Clinical guidelines for neuromodulation therapy in epilepsy (2026 edition)]

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder, with approximately one-third of patients showing poor response to antiepileptic drugs. As a key therapeutic strategy for drug-resistant epilepsy, neuromodulation has demonstrated considerable clinical efficacy, yet the treatment outcomes remain inconsistent. There is an urgent need for standardized treatment plan to enhance both efficacy and safety. To address this issue, based on the latest national and international developments, the Electroencephalogram and Epilepsy Group and Neuromodulation Collaboration Group of Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized experts and scholars in relevant fields in China to develop Clinical Guidelines for Neuromodulation Therapy in Epilepsy (2026 edition) through Delphi method. The guideline presents 18 recommendations covering multiple aspects of neuromodulation therapy for epilepsy, including treatment efficacy, selection of stimulation targets, improvements in emotional and cognitive functioning as well as quality of life, and adverse reactions. It aims to further guide and standardize the clinical management of epilepsy using neuromodulation therapy in China.