[T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis]

Mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are rare and aggressive hematologic malignancies characterized by marked clinical and biological heterogeneity. Their incidence is rising worldwide, with significant geographic disparities, particularly between Western countries and Asia. Several environmental, occupational, and infectious risk factors have been suggested, although no causal link has been firmly established. Diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific initial presentations and requires close collaboration among hematologists, internists, pathologists, and other specialists. The 2022 WHO classification identifies nine families, based on the cell of origin, clinical context, cytomorphology, and anatomical site of the tumor. In internal medicine, the most frequently encountered subtypes are angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Their clinical presentations commonly include systemic symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy, cutaneous or visceral involvement, and immune dysregulation that may be inaugural, particularly in AITL. Diagnosis relies on expert cyto-histological analysis, including immunophenotyping, Tcell clonality assessment, and molecular biology. Recent genomic advances have identified recurrent alterations affecting TCR and JAK/STAT pathways, genes regulating epigenetic mechanisms (TET2, DNMT3A, IDH2), and immune escape processes (PD-L1), thereby redefining disease entities and paving the way for targeted therapeutic approaches. Prognosis remains globally poor with conventional polychemotherapy, although outcomes vary by molecular subtype. Early recognition by clinicians is critical to ensure timely referral to expert centers and the initiation of appropriate management strategies.