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Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator
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Optimal actuator and sensor attack strategies against controllability and observability.

Xia Zhao1, Jixu Zhong1, Yu Zhu1

  • 1School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.

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|March 19, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces new algorithms to find minimal actuator and sensor attack sets, compromising system control and observation. These methods efficiently identify vulnerabilities in complex control systems.

Keywords:
ControllabilityCyber attackCyber-physical systemForward and reverse greedy algorithmObservability

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Area of Science:

  • Control Systems Engineering
  • Cybersecurity
  • Systems Theory

Background:

  • Designing optimal actuator and sensor attack strategies is crucial for understanding system vulnerabilities.
  • Compromising system controllability and observability with minimal cost is a key challenge.
  • System resilience against attacks is increasingly important in critical infrastructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop methods for identifying minimal actuator and sensor attack sets.
  • To determine the minimum number of components to attack for system uncontrollability or unobservability.
  • To analyze the fragility and resilience of control systems against targeted attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated optimal actuator and sensor attack strategies from an attacker's perspective.
  • Developed forward and reverse greedy algorithms for systems with repeated eigenvalues.
  • Proposed algorithms that initiate attacks from empty and full sets to reduce computational complexity.
  • Evaluated methods on a cruise-mode aircraft control system.

Main Results:

  • Identified minimum-size actuator and sensor attack sets for a cruise-mode aircraft control system.
  • Demonstrated that attacking selected components renders the system uncontrollable and unobservable.
  • Showcased the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in compromising system integrity.
  • Achieved reduced computational complexity compared to existing greedy algorithms.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed algorithms effectively identify critical actuator and sensor attack sets.
  • These methods enhance the understanding of system resilience and fragility.
  • The findings are valuable for securing control systems against cyber-physical attacks.